Tunnélisation Attentionnelle : Définitions de métriques physiologiques et comportementales pour diagnostiquer la tunnélisation attentionnelle chez un opérateur humain

L’incapacité à détecter les alarmes visuelles est un problème crucial dans beaucoup de domaines comme l’automobile (Crundall, Underwood, et Chapman 1999) et l’aéronautique (Thomas et Wickens 2004). Différents modèles ont été proposés pour décrire ce phénomène comme étant une réduction du champ visuel, aussi connu sous le nom de « tunnélisation visuelle » (Williams 1985), ou à une dilution de l’attention visuelle (Crundall, Underwood, et Chapman 1999). D’autres études ont montré que, en fonction de la tâche expérimentale, la détection des stimuli visuels périphériques était détériorée si ces stimuli étaient placés entre 2,2 et 10 degrés du champ visuel fovéal (Plainis, Murray, et Chauhan 2001). Des auteurs s’appuyant sur le concept d’aveuglement attentionnel font l’hypothèse d’une explication purement attentionnelle du phénomène (Newby et Rock 1998) pour expliquer le rejet des stimuli inattendus dans le champ fovéal et ce malgré leur sallience (Simons et Chabris 1999). Ces auteurs postulent l’existence d’un processus d’inhibition sur le locus du stimulus inattendu, un mécanisme déjà décrit par Posner (1987). La « tunnélisation attentionnelle », un concept adjacent, a été opérationnalisé dans le contexte des facteurs humains par Wickens (Wickens 2005). Cet auteur qui propose de la définir comme « l’allocation de l’attention à un canal d’information particulier, à un diagnostic d’un jeu d’hypothèses ou à la réalisation d’une tâche dite objectif, pour une durée dépassant la durée optimale, étant donné les couts associés à la négligence des informations présentées par les autres canaux, ou à de nouvelles hypothèses non envisagées, ou encore à la non réalisation d’autres tâches. ». Des expériences réalisées en simulateur de vol démontrent que la tunnélisation attentionnelle peut conduire les pilotes à négliger des information critiques telles que des alarmes visuelles (Dehais, Tessier, et Chaudron 2003) et auditives (Dehais et al. 2010). Des travaux ont montré que des solutions existent pour lutter contre ce phénomène, telles que les contre-mesures cognitives (Dehais, Tessier, et Chaudron 2003), la régulation du niveau d’automatisation (Parasuraman et Wickens 2008) ou la modification du partage d’autorité (Dehais, Mercier, et Tessier 2009). Dès lors, un enjeu est de disposer de moyens de mesure pour détecter la tunnélisation attentionnelle dans le but d’adapter en temps réel l’interaction homme-machine selon les principes proposés précédemment

Entrepreneurial motives and performance:Why might better educated entrepreneurs be less successful?

In a sample of newly created French firms, the impact of an entrepreneurís education on the firm's survival varies widely depending on his previous labor market situation. While it is strongly positive for the overall population, it is much weaker or insignificant for entrepreneurs who were previously unemployed or poorly matched. Our theoretical entrepreneurship model shows that these differences may be attributed to differences in unobserved human capital for better educated entrepreneurs across different initial states in the labor market. Empirical results are consistent with the theory if employers have limited information about potential entrepreneurs'human capital

Toward the real time estimation of the attentional state through ocular activity analysis

L'analyse d'incidents aéronautiques et d'expériences en laboratoire a montré que la tunnélisation attentionnelle amène les pilotes à négliger des alarmes critiques. Une piste intéressante pour répondre à ce problème s'appuie sur les systèmes adaptatifs qui pourraient assister l'opérateur en temps réel (en changeant le comportement du pilote automatique par exemple). Ce type de systèmes adaptatifs requiert l'état de l'opérateur en entrée. Pour cela, des méthodes d'inférence de l'état de l'opérateur doublées de métriques de la tunnélisation attentionnelle doivent être proposées. Le but de cette thèse de doctorat est d'apporter la preuve que la détection de la tunnélisation attentionnelle est possible en temps réel. Pour cela une méthode adaptative neuro-floue utilisant les métriques de la tunnélisation attentionnelle sera proposée, ainsi que de nouvelles métriques de la tunnélisation attentionnelle qui ne dépendent pas du contexte de l'opérateur, et qui sont calculables en temps réel. L'algorithme d'identification des états de l'oeil (ESIA) est proposé en ce sens. Les métriques attentionnelles en sont dérivées et testées dans le contexte d'une expérience robotique dont le design favorise la tunnélisation attentionnellle. Nous proposons également une nouvelle définition du ratio exploitation/exploration d'information dont la pertinence en tant que marqueur de la tunnélisation attentionnelle est démontrée statistiquement. Le travail est ensuite discuté et appliqué sur divers cas d'étude en aviation et robotique.The analysis of aerospace incidents and laboratory experiments have shown that attentional tunneling leads pilots to neglect critical alarms. One interesting avenue to deal with this issue is to consider adaptive systems that would help the operator in real time (for instance: switching the auto-pilot mode). Such adaptive systems require the operator's state as an input. Therefore, both attentional tunneling metrics and state inference techniques have to be proposed. The goal of the PhD Thesis is to provide attentional tunneling metrics that are real-time and context independent. The Eye State Identification Algorithm (ESIA) that analyses ocular activity is proposed. Metrics are then derived and tested on a robotic experiment meant for favouring attentional tunneling. We also propose a new definition of the explore/exploit ratio that was proven statistically to be a relevant attentional tunneling marker. This work is then discussed and applied to different case studies in aviation and robotics

Conservation law and Hamilton-Jacobi equations on a junction: the convex case

The goal of this paper is to study the link between the solution to an Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) equation and the solution to a Scalar Conservation Law (SCL) on a special network. When the equations are posed on the real axis, it is well known that the space derivative of the solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is the solution to the corresponding scalar conservation law. On networks, the situation is more complicated and we show that this result still holds true in the convex case on a 1:1 junction. The correspondence between solutions to HJ equations and SCL on a 1:1 junction is done showing the convergence of associated numerical schemes. A second direct proof using semi-algebraic functions is also given. Here a 1:1 junction is a simple network composed of two edges and one vertex. In the case of three edges or more, we show that the associated HJ germ is not a L 1-dissipative germ, while it is the case for only two edges. As an important byproduct of our numerical approach, we get a new result on the convergence of numerical schemes for scalar conservation laws on a junction. For a general desired flux condition which is discretized, we show that the numerical solution with the general flux condition converges to the solution of a SCL problem with an effective flux condition at the junction. Up to our knowledge, in previous works the effective condition was directly implemented in the numerical scheme. In general the effective flux condition differs from the desired one, and is its relaxation, which is very natural from the point of view of Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Here for SCL, this effective flux condition is encoded in a germ that we characterize at the junction

Ocular metrics for detecting attentional tunnelling

This paper focuses on ocular measurement to detect the human operator’s particular state of “attentional tunnelling” during a robot supervisory task. After a survey of the existing ocular metrics, an innovative fixation detection algorithm is proposed. Then the metrics derived from the ocular parameters calculated by the algorithm are tested in a human-robot experiment. Among the metrics calculated, 3 of them appear to be able to statisticaly discrimintate the operators who faced attentional tunnelling

Estudio técnico, económico y financiero de la producción de abono a través del compost para determinar su rentabilidad en la ciudad de Trujillo

El presente estudio parte de la necesidad de formular una empresa que sea rentable y que brinde una alternativa de solución a la ineficiente gestión de los residuos en la ciudad de Trujillo. Frente a esta problemática, se busca desarrollar un estudio técnico, económico y financiero para la producción de abono a través del compost para determinar su rentabilidad. El primer paso para el desarrollo del proyecto fue realizar el análisis de mercado para lo cual se empleó la data histórica disponible con la finalidad de describir el comportamiento de la oferta y demanda en los últimos años. Con dichos datos se realizó la proyección mediante el uso de los modelos matemáticos y se determinó la demanda futura y el mercado objetivo del proyecto estableciendo como meta la producción de 4260.7 Tn de compost al año considerando que el uso de abonos orgánicos ha ido cobrando mayor importancia en la actualidad. Posteriormente, se realizó el estudio técnico y organizacional en el que se determinó la ubicación adecuada para la empresa evaluando los factores objetivos y subjetivos. También se seleccionó el método Takakura para la realización del compostaje ya que esta metodología reduce el tiempo de procesamiento lo cual permitirá aprovechar los recursos de manera eficiente al reducir también el espacio necesario para las operaciones. Así mismo, se seleccionó los silos con agitación interna como reactores y estarán distribuido de manera vertical para aprovechar mejor el espacio. Con esta tecnología se tendrá una producción anual de 5,325,880 Kg. Finalmente, se determinó que el proyecto es económica y financieramente viable ya que se obtuvo un Valor Actual Neto de S/.1,706,113.91 y una Tasa Interna de Retorno de 200% superior al costo promedio del capital de 20.93%.This study is based on the need to formulate a company that is profitable and that provides an alternative solution to the inefficient management of waste in the city of Trujillo. Faced with this problem, it seeks to develop a technical, economic and financial study for the production of fertilizer through compost to determine its profitability. The first step for the development of the project was to carry out the market analysis for which the available historical data was used in order to describe the behavior of supply and demand in recent years. With these data, the projection was made through the use of mathematical models and the future demand and the target market of the project were determined, establishing as a goal the production of 4260.7 tons of compost per year, considering that the use of organic fertilizers has been gaining more importance. nowadays. Subsequently, the technical and organizational study was carried out in which the appropriate location for the company was determined, evaluating the objective and subjective factors. The Takakura method was also selected for composting since this methodology reduces processing time, which will allow efficient use of resources by also reducing the space necessary for operations. Likewise, silos with internal agitation were selected as reactors and they will be distributed vertically to make better use of space. With this technology, there will be an annual production of 5,325,880 Kg. Finally, it was determined that the project is economically and financially viable since a Net Present Value of S/.1,706,113.91 and an Internal Rate of Return of 200% higher than the average cost of capital of 20.93% were obtained.Tesi

Formal Detection of Attentional Tunneling in Human Operator-Automation Interactions

The allocation of visual attention is a key factor for the humans when operating complex systems under time pressure with multiple information sources. In some situations, attentional tunneling is likely to appear and leads to excessive focus and poor decision making. In this study, we propose a formal approach to detect the occurrence of such an attentional impairment that is based on machine learning techniques. An experiment was conducted to provoke attentional tunneling during which psycho-physiological and oculomotor data from 23 participants were collected. Data from 18 participants were used to train an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). From a machine learning point of view, the classification performance of the trained ANFIS proved the validity of this approach. Furthermore, the resulting classification rules were consistent with the attentional tunneling literature. Finally, the classifier was robust to detect attentional tunneling when performing over test data from four participants

Interactive design of 2D car profiles with aerodynamic feedback

International audienceThe design of car shapes requires a delicate balance between aesthetic and performance. While fluid simulation provides themeans to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of a given shape, its computational cost hinders its usage during the early explorative phases of design, when aesthetic is decided upon. We present an interactive system to assist designers in creating aerodynamic car profiles. Our system relies on a neural surrogate model to predict fluid flow around car shapes, providing fluid visualization and shape optimization feedback to designers as soon as they sketch a car profile. Compared to prior work that focused on time-averaged fluid flows, we describe how to train our model on instantaneous, synchronized observations extracted from multiple pre-computed simulations, such that we can visualize and optimize for dynamic flow features, such as vortices. Furthermore, we architectured our model to support gradient-based shape optimization within a learned latent space of car profiles. In addition to regularizing the optimization process, this latent space and an associated encoder-decoder allows us to input and output car profiles in a bitmap form, without any explicit parameterization of the car boundary. Finally, we designed our model to support pointwise queries of fluid properties around car shapes, allowing us to adapt computational cost to application needs. As an illustration, we only query our model along streamlines for flow visualization, we query it in the vicinity of the car for drag optimization, and we query it behind the car for vortex attenuation

Exploitation of Business Models for Deep Renovation

In this workshop, we discussed the exploitation experiences gathered in some relevant H2020 projects on deep renovation: TripleA-reno, ProGETonE, P2Endure, 4rinEU, STUNNING, and TURNkey Retrofit. Directives and practical insights that support the experimentation with exploitation strategies in EU-funded projects will be elaborated as outcome of the workshop. The ability to envision user needs and integrate them into a project value proposition is a vehicle towards more effective and sustainable business models for deep renovation practices. However, many projects still struggle to involve the user in their business model design method. In spite of the clarified potential for business models underpinning energy efficiency measures to generate profit in the clean energy market, the uptake of deep renovation practices is not flourishing to its full potential. Several barriers have been highlighted that still distress the market uptake of energy efficiency measures, among which the need for long-term capital for often comparatively small investments, the strain of measuring and distributing the energy savings due to deep renovation practices, as well as general lack of familiarity among consumers with renovation concepts. The dispute here, with even the economically sound business models, is that, for the user, there is an apparent lack of attractiveness for deep renovations, that goes beyond the mere financial savings or economical profitability offered by the investment. A conceivable resolution to upsurge the market uptake of renovation practices, is therefore the design of business models, which focus on the multiple environmental, social and financial benefits deep renovation practices might deliver for the different stakeholders involved in the process. Benefits, that are sometimes hard to monetise and generalize among the involved user groups, as they do not always resonate to the provider/receiver of these values equally, but on the contrary can develop contrasting interests. Therefore, in this report, we are summarizing the contributions of several H2020 projects on deep renovation, including: TripleA-reno [1], ProGETonE [2], P2Endure [3], 4rinEU [4], STUNNING [5], and TURNkey Retrofit [6]. This, in a way to explore what type of deep renovation business models exist in practice, and how they actually are impacting the EU market uptake of deep renovation practices